Lavine S. Understanding the Infinite 1994

Textbook in PDF format

How can the infinite, a subject so remote from our finite experience, be an everyday working tool for the working mathematician? Blending history, philosophy, mathematics and logic, Shaughan Lavine answers this question with clarity. An account of the origins of the modern mathematical theory of the infinite, his book is also a defense against the attacks and misconceptions that have dogged this theory since its introduction in the late 19th century. With his development of set theory in the 1880s, Georg Cantor introduced the infinite into mathematics. But his theory, both critics and supporters have charged, was subject to paradoxes proceeding from Cantor's "naive intuitions", and this verdict has had an enormous impact on the philosophy of mathematics. Lavine effectively reverses this charge by showing that set theory is in fact an excellent example of the posititve and necessary role of intuition in mathematics. His history, moving from Greek geometry through the development of calculus to the evolution of set theory, ultimately leads to the crux of the issue: the source of our intuitions concerning the infinite. Along the way, he offers a careful and critical discussion of differing views across the philosophical spectrum. Making use of the mathematical work of Jan Mycielski, formerly accessible only to logicians, Lavine demonstrates that knowledge of the infinite is possible, even according to strict standards that require some intuitive basis for knowledge. He shows that the source of our intuitions concerning Cantor's infinite, as a matter of historical and psychological fact, is extrapolation from ordinary experience of the indefinitely large.
Introduction
Infinity, Mathematics' Persistent Suitor
Sets of Points
What Are Sets?
The Axiomatization of Set Theory
Knowing the Infinite
Leaps of Faith
From Here to Infinity
Extrapolations